Research Paper no.34
In Vitro Preventive Effect and Mechanism of Action of Weissella cibaria CMU against Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Formation and Periodontal Pathogens : Research Paper no.34
Source: Microorganisms 2023, 11(4), 962
Authors: Mi-Sun Kang, Geun-Yeong Park and A-Reum Lee
Published: April 7, 2023
Abstract:
In this study research paper, we evaluated the in vitro anti-biofilm, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activity of Weissella cibaria CMU (CMU), an oral probiotic, against periodontopathogens. Compared to other oral probiotics, CMU showed a superior inhibitory effect on the biofilm formation and growth of Streptococcus mutans on orthodontic wires and artificial teeth (p < 0.05). CMU exerted potent antibacterial effects against S. mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis according to a line test. In human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) stimulated by P. gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, or Prevotella intermedia, CMU suppressed the gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α] in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). CMU restored the production of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 following its inhibition by P. gingivalis, and it suppressed the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and -3 induced by periodontopathogens (p < 0.05). Moreover, CMU needed direct contact with HGFs to exert their anti-inflammatory function, indicating that they act directly on gingival cells to modulate local inflammation. Our preclinical study provides evidence for the potential benefits of topical CMU treatments in preventing the development of caries and periodontitis caused by the dysbiosis of the dental plaque microbiome.
Results
1. In Vitro Beneficial Effects of Oral Probiotics on S. mutans Biofilm Formation
1.1. Antibiofilm Activity against S. mutans on Orthodontic Wires
We performed a tube wire test to determine the effects of oral probiotics against S. mutans antibiofilm formation on orthodontic wires. L. reuteri, W. cibaria CMU, and CMS1 strongly inhibited S. mutans biofilm formation, whereas other commercial oral probiotics had little inhibitory effects (Figure 1a–c). Both W. cibaria CMU and CMS1 inhibited S. mutans biofilm formation and growth in a dose-dependent manner (Figure 1d,e). 
1.2. Antibiofilm Activity against S. mutans on Artificial Teeth
We determined the effects of oral probiotics against S. mutans biofilm formation on resin-based artificial teeth. W. cibaria CMU and CMS1 inhibited S. mutans biofilm formation by 96.8% and 94.6%, respectively, whereas other commercial oral probiotics had no inhibitory effect (Figure 2a–c). Both W. cibaria CMU and CMS1 inhibited S. mutans biofilm formation on artificial teeth in a dose-dependent manner (Figure 2d–f).
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